Today, when we “live stream” something, we are receiving information from a faraway, invisible source. The fact is that all religious teaching and divine truth were believed to be essentially live-streamed into prophets and mystics, who were then expected to pass them on. The sacred texts of all religions are said to be the result of these direct revelations.
Religious Texts: The Origin Of Divine Wisdom
In the Jewish tradition, God revealed to Moses the teachings of the Torah, the Jewish sacred text, on Mount Sinai. The words of the Qur’an were dictated from God to Muhammad by the Angel Gabriel, making it the Bible equivalent for Muslims. But it was only relatively recent in history that writing became a widespread form of transmitting information. Early in the history of religious and wisdom traditions, the substance of the sacred texts we have today was transmitted orally.
Sacred Book Of Hinduism: Smritis and Srutis
In the Hindu tradition, sacred texts are divided into two broad groupings: Smriti (“that which is remembered”), texts attributed to particular authors which were transmitted through writing; and Śrutis (“that which is heard”), which are considered to be more direct revelations, transmitted orally, but not originally composed, by human beings.
The wisdom of great sages like Socrates, Confucius, and the Buddha was memorized by their followers and transmitted orally for many years before being committed to writing.
This is why so many Buddhist scriptures begin with the phrase “Thus have I heard,” and why Hadith—the words of the Prophet Muhammad—begin with a similar introductory clause, reminding us that it was not the Prophet himself who wrote down these words. Likewise, the Christian Bible was not written by Jesus but instead was written over many years, going through many different versions and revisions, to codify the accounts of his life and deeds left by his followers.
Finally, in the Hindu tradition, sacred texts are divided into two broad groupings: Smriti (“that which is remembered”), texts attributed to particular authors which were transmitted through writing; and Śrutis (“that which is heard”), which are considered to be more direct revelations, transmitted orally, but not originally composed, by human beings. Smriti includes the two great Hindu Epics (the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyana), the Purānas, and other scriptures corresponding to various schools of Hindu philosophy. The Śrutis are deemed to be more foundational and authoritative for all Hindu sects, most notably the Vedas and Upanishads.
I used to believe, as my mother still does, that God incarnated on Earth as Lord Krishna to deliver sermons, which we can read today in the form of texts like the Bhagavad Gita. But in fact, the Gita was, of course, written over time by multiple human authors, just as the Bible and Qur’an were. All these texts, even if they were inspired by revelations from God, all were mediated by fallible human minds, mouths, and hands.
Nevertheless, it is remarkable that the sacred texts of religions have maintained their degree of importance and popularity for so many thousands of years. This is because the religious texts across religions undoubtedly contain many truths that human beings across the world continue to derive meaning from, such that a person in ancient Rome and another in present-day Africa could derive an equal depth of meaning from the same words.
We should remember that what we have today, for all scriptures, is the word of God translated into the words of men. And the human authors of sacred books had to resort to indirect methods of teaching their messages, like storytelling, which today call for metaphorical interpretation.
Sacred Texts And Teachings Across Religions
Christianity
“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness.”
—The New Testament (2 Timothy 3:16), Christian scripture
Islam
“We have revealed to you, [O Muḥammad], the Book in truth, confirming that which preceded it of the Scripture and as a criterion over it […] To each of you, we prescribed a law and a method.”
—The Qur’an (5:48), Islamic scripture
Hinduism
“The Bhagavad Gita is a true scripture of the human race, a living creation rather than a book, with a new message for every age and a new meaning for every civilization.”
—Sri Aurobindo, Indian philosopher and mystic
Buddhism
“Be islands unto yourselves, refuges unto yourselves, seeking no external refuge; with the Dhamma [teachings] as your island, the Dhamma as your refuge, seeking no other refuge.”
—The Buddha
Baha’i
“The Heavenly Books, the Bible, the Qur’án, and the other Holy Writings have been given by God as guides into the paths of Divine virtue, love, justice and peace. Therefore, I say unto you that ye should strive to follow the counsels of these Blessed Books.”
—‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Baha’i leader
About the author:
Akhilesh Gupta is the founder of the Universal Enlightenment & Flourishing (UEF) Foundation and a past Fellow of the Harvard Advanced Leadership Initiative. He previously served as senior managing director at The Blackstone Group and held leadership roles at Reliance Industries Limited and Hindustan Unilever.
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